MacFormat 1996 Christmas/macformat-045.iso/Shareware Plus/Utilities/Alpha ƒ/LaTeX/latex 2e/latex_guide.tex

Text File | 1996-08-01 | 75.7 KB | 1,788 lines | [TEXT/ALFA]

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% File:      latex_guide.tex
% Author:    Tom Scavo  <[e-mail]>
% Requires:  graphics.sty, alltt.sty, latex_defs.sty
% Summary:   User's Guide to accompany the Alpha LaTeX macros
% Note:      Be sure to typeset this file THREE TIMES!
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\documentclass{report}
\usepackage{html,htmllist}
\usepackage{graphics}
\usepackage{alltt}
\usepackage{latex_defs}

% Table of contents:
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}

% Headers and footers:
\pagestyle{headings}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}

\title{
    \includegraphics{logo.eps}  \\[6ex]
    User's Guide  \\
    \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ Macros \\
    {\large Version~3.2}
}
\author{
    Tom Scavo  \\
    \htmladdnormallink{\eaddress{[e-mail]}}{mailto:[e-mail]}
}
\date{July 1996}
\maketitle

\tableofcontents

\chapter{Overview}

Welcome to the \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ macros, a set of Tcl macros for the
text editor \Alpha\ designed to ease the input and processing of
\LaTeX\ documents on the Macintosh.

\section{Features}

\begin{itemize}
    \item \LaTeXe-compatible

    \item automatically invokes \TeX\ mode when opening or saving a
    \filetype{tex} document

    \item single-keystroke typesetting of \LaTeX\ documents (will even
    typeset an untitled or unsaved window, or portions of windows)

    \item works with all known Macintosh \TeX\ implementations,
    including \OzTeX, \Textures, \CMacTeX, Euro-\OzTeX,
    \DirectTeX, and \DirectTeX~Pro

    \item dynamic menus and menu items

    \item color syntax highlighting of \LaTeX\ keywords

    \item intelligent treatment of highlighted text (called ``wrapping'')

    \item easily creates \LaTeX\ document templates, complete with
    indentation and tab stops

    \item handy text-to-\LaTeX\ conversion utilities

    \item quickly navigate and select commands, environments,
    subsections, sections, and chapters

    \item ``smart quotes'' and ``smart dots'' with on-the-fly escape;
    ``smart'' subscripts and superscripts as well

    \item command-double-click feature that chases references and
    citations, or opens \cmd{input} and \cmd{include} files; also
    opens \cmd{bibliography}, \cmd{includegraphics}, \cmd{usepackage},
    and \cmd{documentclass} files

    \item a handy mark menu for navigating large \LaTeX\ documents

    \item follows closely the terminology and organization of Leslie
    Lamport's \textsl{\LaTeX: A Document Preparation System} [Reading,
    MA: Addison-Wesley, 1985, 1994 (ISBN 0-201-52983-1)]
\end{itemize}

\section{Documentation}
\label{sec:docs}

Pull down the System help menu (under the question mark on the
right-hand side of \Alpha's menu bar) and choose the command
\acmd{LaTeX Help}.  This will open a new window with a brief
introduction to the \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ macros.  From this window, you can
access numerous other documentation files using \Alpha's built-in
hypertext capability.  Just click on any of the following links in
\acmd{LaTeX Help}:
\begin{flushleft}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}
        \textbf{User's Guide:}  an introduction to the \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ macros
        (this file)  \\
        \textbf{\LaTeX\ Menus:}  commands and bindings (organized by menu)  \\
        \textbf{\LaTeX\ Key Bindings:} commands and bindings (organized by
        command key)  \\
    \end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
Note that the User's Guide is available in both \LaTeX\ and HTML
format.  (The latter was created by the program \filespec{latex2html}
written by Nikos Drakos.)

In addition to these local documents, if you have an Internet
connection, there is also the Web page
\begin{flushleft}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}}
        \textbf{An Introduction to \LaTeX\ and \AmS-\LaTeX}  \\
        \htmladdnormallink{\url{http://web.syr.edu/\~{}trscavo/latex.html}}
                          {\begin{rawhtml}http://web.syr.edu/~trscavo/latex.html\end{rawhtml}}
    \end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
To visit this Web site, just click on the corresponding link in
\acmd{LaTeX Help}.

\section{\LaTeXe}

Beginning with version~2.2, the \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ macros support
\LaTeXe, a superset of \LaTeX~2.09.  \LaTeXe\ will typeset a 2.09
document automatically, using what is called ``compatibility mode''.
Most of the \LaTeX~2.09 commands and environments have been preserved
in \twoe, making the transition from 2.09 to \twoe\ relatively
painless (from the user's point of view, at least).

For those who have not yet upgraded to \LaTeXe, the old \LaTeX~2.09
macros are still available.  Just choose \acmd{LaTeX 2.09} on the
\amenu{Install} submenu of the \amenu{Config} menu and follow the
prompts to install the old version.  Note, however, that all present
and future enhancements to the \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ macros will be directed
towards \LaTeXe\ users, and so you are encouraged to upgrade your
\TeX\ implementation as soon as possible.


\section{Installation}

\Alpha\ is configured to use the \LaTeX\ macros right out of the box,
so there is no installation process per se.  However, there are a
number of flags and variables that control the inner workings of
\filespec{latex.tcl} that may be changed at the user's discretion.

The following \TeX\ mode flags and variables may be accessed by
pulling down the \amenu{Config} menu and opening the \acmd{Flags}
dialog on the \amenu{Current Mode} submenu.  See the \acmd{Alpha
Manual} (on the System help menu under the question mark) for more
information about \Alpha's global variables.

\subsection{Flags}
\label{sec:flags}

% {\renewcommand*{\descriptionlabel}[1]{\hspace\labelsep \normalfont #1}
\begin{description}
    \item[\acmd{buildPkgsSubmenu}] The \amenu{Packages} submenu is an
    optional submenu containing a list of all \filetype{tex} and
    \filetype{sty} files in your \TeX\ search path.  Choosing a filename
    from the list inserts the corresponding \cmd{usepackage} command
    into the preamble of the current document.  By default, however, the
    \amenu{Packages} submenu is not built when the \LaTeX\ macro package
    is loaded.  To build this submenu on-the-fly, enable the flag
    \acmd{buildPkgsSubmenu} as described above, and then choose
    \acmd{Rebuild Documents Submenu} on the \amenu{Documents} submenu (see
    section~\ref{sec:documentsSubmenu}).  Thereafter, the
    \amenu{Packages} submenu will be built automatically along with the
    \LaTeX\ menu.

    \item[\acmd{deleteObjNoisily}] One of the basic \filespec{latex.tcl}
    operations is to insert an object into the current document.  If, at
    the time the insertion command is issued, there is a selection
    (i.e., text is highlighted), then the program behaves differently
    depending on the value of the flag \acmd{deleteObjNoisily}.  If set
    to true, the user will be prompted before any selected text is
    deleted.  If, on the other hand, this flag is false, then the
    selection is replaced quietly and without warning (although it may
    be undone).  By default, \acmd{deleteObjNoisily} is set to true.
    NOTE: Not all objects are ``inserted'' into the document since
    sometimes there is an attempt to ``wrap'' the current selection.
    See section~\ref{sec:basicOps} for more information.

    \item[\acmd{deleteEnvNoisily}] Before an environment is inserted
    into the document, the program checks to see if there is a
    selection.  If so, and the flag \acmd{deleteEnvNoisily} is set to
    true, the user is asked whether or not the current selection should
    be replaced; if false, the current selection is deleted without
    warning.  Note that the default value of \acmd{deleteEnvNoisily} has
    been set to true.  Like objects, environments may wrap, so sometimes
    the current selection is treated differently.  See
    section~\ref{sec:basicOps} for details.

    \item[\acmd{promptNoisily}] Some environment commands prompt the
    user for input.  As mentioned below, if \acmd{useStatusBar} is
    set to true, the prompt is displayed on the thin status bar at the
    bottom of the screen.  This is less obtrusive than a dialog, but may
    go unnoticed at first, so if \acmd{promptNoisily} is set to true
    (which it is, by default) and \acmd{useStatusBar} is enabled,
    the program beeps prior to displaying the prompt.  You can turn off
    this annoying sound by invoking the \acmd{Flags} command on the
    \amenu{Current Mode} submenu of the \amenu{Config} menu and
    removing the check on \acmd{promptNoisily}.

    \item[\acmd{runTeXInBack}] If true, typesetting will occur in the
    background.  This flag is false by default.

    \item[\acmd{searchNoisily}] Many commands cause
    \filespec{latex.tcl} to search the current document.  If a
    search fails, and \acmd{searchNoisily} is set to true, the
    program displays a message on the status bar and beeps.  If, on
    the other hand, \acmd{searchNoisily} is set to false, only
    the message is displayed.  By default, \acmd{searchNoisily}
    is set to true.

    \item[\acmd{smartDots}] By default, \filespec{latex.tcl}
    replaces three consecutively typed dots (\texttt{...}) with the
    \LaTeX\ command \cmd{ldots}.  To escape the effect of
    \acmd{smartDots}, press the \key{Delete} key on-the-fly.

    \item[\acmd{smartQuotes}] If this flag is set to true, pressing the
    single quote key \key{\straightquote} will generate ` or '
    automatically depending on the context.  Similarly, pressing the
    double quote key \key{\texttt{"}} generates `` or '', whichever is
    required.  Set \acmd{smartQuotes} to false if you want the single
    and double quote keys to insert \straightquote and \texttt{"}
    literally, or press the \key{Delete} key to escape the effect of
    \acmd{smartQuotes} on-the-fly.

    \item[\acmd{smartScripts}] When this flag is enabled (which it is by
    default), the \verb|^| and \verb|_| keys on a U.S. keyboard are
    bound to the commands \acmd{superscript} and \acmd{subscript},
    respectively, on the \amenu{Formulas} submenu of the \LaTeX\ menu
    (see section~\ref{sec:formulasSubmenu}).  Press the \key{Delete} key
    to escape the effect of \acmd{smartScripts} on-the-fly.

%     \item[\acmd{useBoxMacro}] If true, the body of a figure environment
%     includes a call to the box-making macro stored in the variable
%     \acmd{boxMacroName} (see section~\ref{sec:variables} below); if
%     false, the body of a figure environment is left blank, unless there
%     is a current selection, in which case the selection is wrapped.

    \item[\acmd{useBrackets}] In \LaTeX, the \env{displaymath}
    environment is equivalent to \cmd{[}\ldots\cmd{]}.  If you prefer to
    use the latter, set \acmd{useBrackets} to true.  By default,
    \acmd{useBrackets} is set to false, that is, the \env{displaymath}
    environment is used to construct multi-line math displays.  Note: By
    default, \filespec{latex.tcl} \emph{always} uses
    \cmd{[}\ldots\cmd{]} inline (unless \acmd{useDollarSigns} is set to
    true---see below).

    \item[\acmd{useDollarSigns}] Support is provided for both the \TeX\
    and \LaTeX\ methods of invoking inline math mode (see the
    \amenu{Math Modes} submenu in section~ \ref{sec:mathModeSubmenu} for
    the various options), but only one of these is bound to command keys
    (namely, \key{Ctl Cmd M} and \key{Ctl Opt Cmd M}, by default).  This
    is what the flag \acmd{useDollarSigns} does.  If set to true,
    \filespec{latex.tcl} uses dollar signs to delimit inline math mode
    (\verb|$|\ldots\verb|$| and \verb|$$|\ldots\verb|$$|), whereas if it
    is false, \LaTeX\ notation will be used (\cmd{(}\ldots\cmd{)} and
    \cmd{[}\ldots\cmd{]}).  By default, \acmd{useDollarSigns} is set to
    false---the \LaTeX\ way of doing things.

    \item[\acmd{useStatusBar}] This flag determines whether or
    not the status bar is used when prompting for user input.  (The
    status bar is a long, thin message area at the bottom of your
    screen.)  Use of \Alpha's status bar is enabled in \TeX\ mode, by
    default.  See the related flag \acmd{promptNoisily} above.

    \item[\acmd{wordWrap}] If this flag is set to true, the program
    automatically inserts a carriage return as the cursor nears the end
    of a line (the length of which is defined by the variable
    \acmd{fillColumn} described in section~\ref{sec:variables} below);
    otherwise, the line extends indefinitely to the right (until the
    \key{Return} key is pressed, of course).  By default,
    \acmd{wordWrap} is turned on in \TeX\ mode.  See the \acmd{Alpha
    Manual} on the System help menu (under the question mark) for more
    information.
\end{description}%}

\subsection{Variables}
\label{sec:variables}

% {\renewcommand*{\descriptionlabel}[1]{\hspace\labelsep \normalfont #1}
\begin{description}
    \item[\acmd{boxMacroNames}] This \TeX\ mode variable contains a list
    of names of box-making macros used in the body of a figure
    environment.  The standard \LaTeX\ commands \cmd{includegraphics}
    and \cmd{includegraphics\ttstar} (both part of the \LaTeXe\
    \pkg{graphics} package) are included in this list by default.

    \item[\acmd{citeCommands}] Any command listed as a ``cite'' command
    is command-double-clickable (see section~\ref{sec:dblClicking}).
    The standard \LaTeX\ commands \cmd{cite} and \cmd{nocite} are
    included in this list by default.

    \item[\acmd{fillcolumn}, \acmd{leftFillColumn}] See the
    \acmd{Alpha Manual} on the System help menu (under the question
    mark) for more information about these variables.

    \item[\acmd{funcExpr}] In \TeX\ mode, \acmd{funcExpr} is a regular
    expression used to search for a subsection header (see the commands
    \acmd{Next Subsection} and \acmd{Prev Subsection} described in
    section~\ref{sec:gotoSubmenu}).

    \item[\acmd{funcExprAlt}] In \TeX\ mode, \acmd{funcExprAlt} is a
    regular expression used to search for a section header (see the
    commands \acmd{Next Section} and \acmd{Prev Section} described in
    section~\ref{sec:gotoSubmenu}).

    \item[\acmd{prefixString}] This variable is used in
    conjunction with the \acmd{Comment Line} command on \Alpha's
    \amenu{Text} menu.  In \TeX\ mode, this string is set to
    ``\verb*|% |'' by default, which makes \acmd{comment line} very
    useful for commenting out large blocks of \LaTeX\ code.

    \item[\acmd{refCommands}] Any command listed as a ``ref'' command is
    command-double-clickable.  The standard \LaTeX\ commands \cmd{ref}
    and \cmd{pageref} are included in this list by default.

    \item[\acmd{wordBreak}, \acmd{wordBreakPreface}] These variables
    hold regular expressions that define a ``word'' in \TeX\ mode.  (A
    ``word'' is any text string that is double-clickable.)  See the
    \acmd{Alpha Manual} on the System help menu (under the question
    mark) for more information about these variables.

    \item[\acmd{wrapBreak}, \acmd{wrapBreakPreface}] These variables are
    similar to \acmd{wordBreak} and \acmd{wordBreakPreface} above,
    except that they are used by \Alpha\ to wrap lines, not delineate
    words.  See the \acmd{Alpha Manual} on the System help menu (under
    the question mark) for more information.
\end{description}%}

\subsection{Tips and tricks}

A useful installation trick that you might want to put in your
\filespec{prefs.tcl} file (opened by choosing \acmd{Edit Prefs}
on the \amenu{Global} submenu of the \amenu{Config} menu)
is the following key binding:
\begin{alltt}
   bind \straightquote{}n\straightquote <cs> \{dummyTeX; newLaTeXDocument\}
\end{alltt}
With this binding, it's easy to bring up a new \TeX\ document no
matter where you are or what you're doing.  Regardless of the file
you're currently editing, simply press \key{Shf Cmd N} to open a new
\LaTeX\ document (see the \acmd{New Document} command in
section~\ref{sec:documentsSubmenu} for details).

\Alpha\ is completely customizable, but it's not a good idea to
modify its Tcl files directly.  Instead, put your modifications in
preferences files designed specifically for this purpose.  Besides
the global preferences file \filespec{prefs.tcl} mentioned above,
there are also mode-specific preferences files.  \TeX\ mode, for
instance, has its own prefs file called \filespec{TeXPrefs.tcl}.  To
edit this prefs file, open a \filetype{tex} file and choose the
command \acmd{Edit Prefs} on the \amenu{Current Mode} submenu of the
\amenu{Config} menu.  All \TeX-related modifications should be
placed in this preferences file.

Note: All preferences files are stored in the Preferences folder in
the System Folder.  They are not touched when you upgrade your version
of \Alpha.

It's relatively easy to modify the \LaTeX\ menu to suit your needs.
Suppose, for example, you've written a handy Tcl proc called
\acmd{myUtility} that you'd like to put on the \LaTeX\ menu.  To do
this, copy the proc \acmd{latexUtilitiesSubmenu} and its helper proc
\filespec{latexUtilsSubmenuFilter} from \filespec{latexMenu.tcl} to
\filespec{TeXPrefs.tcl} and add your new utility to the definition
of the \amenu{LaTeX Utilities} submenu:
\begin{alltt}
  proc latexUtilitiesSubmenu \{\} \{
    return \{menu -M TeX -n \{LaTeX Utilities\} -m -p latexUtilsSubmenuFilter \{
      \{<U<O/CChoose Command\ldots\}
      "(-"
      \{<I/cInsert Literal Tab\}
      \{Insert Tab Stop\}
      "(-"
      \{<O/cDelete Tab Stops\}
      \{Delete Comments\}
      "(-"
      {\normalsize{}\textbf{\{My Utility\}}}
      "(-"
      \{Convert Quotes\}
      \{Convert Dollar Signs\}
      "(-"
      \{Short LaTeX Menu\}
      \}
    \}
  \}

  proc latexUtilsSubmenuFilter \{submenu item\} \{
    switch $item \{
      \{Choose Command\}  \{set func \{chooseCommand [getLaTeXMenu]\}\}
      \{Insert Literal Tab\}  \{set func "insertLiteralTab"\}
      \{Insert Tab Stop\}  \{set func "insertTabStop"\}
      \{Insert Reference\}  \{set func "insertReference"\}
      \{Delete Tab Stops\}  \{set func "deleteTabStops"\}
      \{Delete Comments\}  \{set func "deleteComments"\}
      {\normalsize{}\textbf{\{My Utility\}  \{set func "myUtility"\}}}
      \{Convert Quotes\}  \{set func "convertQuotes"\}
      \{Convert Dollar Signs\}  \{set func "convertDollarSigns"\}
      \{Short LaTeX Menu\}  \{set func "toggleLaTeXMenus"\}
      default \{set func $item\}
    \}
    eval $func
  \}
\end{alltt}
Finally, add the lines
\begin{verbatim}
  eval [latexUtilitiesSubmenu]
  latexUtilsSubmenuFilter
\end{verbatim}
to \filespec{TeXPrefs.tcl}.  These lines rebuild the \amenu{LaTeX
Utilities} submenu and load the new helper proc.  That's all there is
to it!


\section{Basic operations}
\label{sec:basicOps}

The \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ macros revolve around two basic operations called
\acmd{insertObject} and \acmd{wrapObject}.  Basically,
\acmd{insertObject} is a call to the primitive procedure
\acmd{insertText} preceded by the automatic deletion of previously
selected text (this behavior is easily changed, however, by resetting
the flag \acmd{deleteObjNoisily} described in
section~\ref{sec:flags}).  For example, if there is no current
selection, choosing the command \acmd{alpha} from the \amenu{Greek}
submenu of the \LaTeX\ menu inserts the \LaTeX\ command \cmd{alpha} at
the insertion point; otherwise, if there is a selection, it is
replaced with the string ``\cmd{alpha}''.  In other words,
\acmd{insertObject} works just like the familiar \acmd{Paste} command
on the \amenu{Edit} menu.  It turns out that a large number of
commands in \filespec{latex.tcl} rely on \acmd{insertObject}, but
sometimes it's faster to type the desired \LaTeX\ command directly.
(Even faster is to use the corresponding command keys, but more on
that later.)  On the other hand, if you forget the syntax of a
particular \LaTeX\ command, it's sometimes easier to look it up on the
\LaTeX\ menu than it is in a reference manual.

The complementary operation to \acmd{insertObject} is called
\acmd{wrapObject}.  The difference between the two is the way the
latter treats the current selection, that is, \acmd{wrapObject}
inserts its argument at the insertion point (just like
\acmd{insertObject}), but if there is a selection, \acmd{wrapObject}
cuts it out (without effecting the state of the Clipboard) and inserts
it in the middle of the chosen command.  For example, consider the
\LaTeX\ menu command \acmd{footnote} on the \amenu{Miscellaneous}
submenu (see section~\ref{sec:miscSubmenu}).  This command inserts the
string ``\cmdarg{footnote}{}$\bullet$'' (without the double quotes, of
course) into the document, positioning the insertion point between the
pair of braces.  The user then types the text to be footnoted and
presses the \key{Tab} key, after which the tab stop macro finds (and
deletes) the bullet $\bullet$ at the end of the string.  (Note: Use
\key{Opt Tab} to insert a literal tab character into the document.)
On the other hand, if a selection exists at the time the
\acmd{footnote} command is issued, the selection itself is surrounded
by \LaTeX's \cmd{footnote} command, and the insertion point is brought
to the end of the selection automatically.  Some commands, for better
or worse, even go so far as to insert the selection into one of
several competing positions within the command string.  The
\acmd{fraction} command on the \amenu{Formulas} submenu
(section~\ref{sec:formulasSubmenu}) is a good example of this type of
behavior.  It assumes the current selection (if there is one) is the
numerator of the fraction to be typeset, cutting and pasting
accordingly.

The concept of wrapping is carried one step further in the case of
environments.  Suppose you want to center an existing \env{tabular}
environment, for example.  Just select the \env{tabular} environment
to be centered and choose the \acmd{center} command from the
\amenu{Environments} submenu on the \LaTeX\ menu (see
section~\ref{sec:envSubmenu}).  The resulting \env{center} environment
will completely surround the existing \env{tabular} environment,
indenting the latter one tab stop to the right.

Not all environments wrap, however.  Those environments whose body is
very structured (such as \env{enumerate}, \env{itemize},
\env{description}, \env{thebibliography}, \env{tabular}, \env{array},
\env{eqnarray}, and \env{eqnarray*}) do not.  Instead, these
environments simply insert text into the document.  If there happens
to be a selection at the time one of these commands is issued, an
alert appears asking if the selection should be deleted.  To turn this
alert off, simply toggle the flag \acmd{deleteEnvNoisily} (see
section~\ref{sec:flags}) in the \acmd{Flags} dialog on the
\amenu{Current Mode} submenu on the \amenu{Config} menu.


\section{Whitespace}

Before continuing, let me say a few words about whitespace.  In
virtually all cases, superfluous whitespace in command strings has
been deleted.  For example, objects inserted with \acmd{insertObject}
(a sizable portion of \filespec{latex.tcl}'s functionality) do not
routinely insert a trailing space character.  Instead, the user must
decide whether or not space should immediately follow a particular
\LaTeX\ control word, since sometimes it's needed and sometimes it's
not.  Setting \acmd{indentOnCR} in the \acmd{Flags} dialog (on the
\amenu{Global} submenu of the \amenu{Config} menu) to false also
prevents a lot of extraneous whitespace from being inserted into your
document\ldots but then it won't look so good!


\section{Bugs}
\label{sec:bugs}

Comments, suggestions, and bug reports are certainly welcome.  In
fact, many of the improvements and features in this version of
\filespec{latex.tcl} were suggested by \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ users.  (Some of
them even sent me code!)  Please contact
\begin{flushleft}
    \begin{tabular}{@{\hspace{1.5em}}ll@{}}
        Tom Scavo
        &
        \htmladdnormallink{\eaddress{[e-mail]}}{mailto:[e-mail]}
    \end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
% \begin{htmllist}
%     \htmlitemmark{RedBall}
%     \item[Tom Scavo] \eaddress{[e-mail]}
% \end{htmllist}
with your ideas and feedback.

The following are known bugs in \filespec{latex.tcl}:
\begin{itemize}
    \item When wrapping, the \acmd{frac} command does not remove redundant
    parentheses.

    \item The \acmd{options} commands assumes the \cmd{documentclass}
    command already has an optional parameter (which it does if the
    document template was inserted via the \LaTeX\ menu).  Moreover, the
    \acmd{options} command does not check for duplicate options.

    \item The commands \acmd{Prev Command Select With Args} and
    \acmd{Next Command Select With Args} will not select \LaTeX\ commands
    whose argument(s) contain braces.

    \item  The \amenu{Goto} submenu could be better organized (and will
    be, if I can ever think of a good set of command keys!).

    \item The results of \acmd{Delete Comments} can not be undone (but it
    works!).

    \item  The \acmd{Open Any TeX File} command on the \amenu{Typeset}
    submenu does not open the correct folder.

    \item  The commands \acmd{Large}, \acmd{LARGE}, and \acmd{Huge} do
    not work as expected.

    \item  Double-clicking in \TeX\ filesets doesn't work.

    \item  The at-symbol @ is not recognized as a \LaTeX\ command
    character in \filetype{sty} files.

    \item The command keys for \acmd{subscript} and \acmd{superscript}
    are not compatible with international keyboards.

    \item  The marking algorithm should ignore comments.
\end{itemize}


\section{Acknowledgments}

Numerous people have made significant contributions to the \Alpha\
\LaTeX\ macros.  You will find their names and initials scattered
throughout this and other \Alpha\ documents.
Tom~Pollard
\htmladdnormallink{\eaddress{[e-mail]}}
                  {mailto:[e-mail]}
and Vince~Darley
\htmladdnormallink{\eaddress{[e-mail]}}
                  {mailto:[e-mail]}
have been especially helpful and deserve a lot of credit.  Of course,
none of this would have been possible without the support and
encouragement of \Alpha's author,
\begin{flushleft}
    \begin{tabular}{@{\hspace{1.5em}}ll@{}}
        Pete~Keleher
        &
        \htmladdnormallink{\eaddress{[e-mail]}}{mailto:[e-mail]}
    \end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
whom I heartily thank.


\chapter{Menus}

\section{The \LaTeX\ menu}

Upon entering \TeX\ mode, either
\begin{enumerate}
    \item \emph{manually} (by choosing \acmd{TeX} from the pop-up mode
    menu on the status bar at the bottom of your screen), or

    \item \emph{automatically} (whenever a \filetype{tex} or
    \filetype{sty} file is opened or saved),
\end{enumerate}
a new menu appears in the menu bar.  The \LaTeX\ menu provides access
to scores of procedures loaded automatically the first time \TeX\ mode
is entered.

There are two \LaTeX\ menus to choose from, one short and the other
long.  You get a short menu by default.  To install the long menu,
simply choose the checkable menu item \acmd{Short LaTeX Menu} from the
\amenu{LaTeX Utilities} submenu (see
section~\ref{sec:latexUtilsSubmenu}) to remove the check mark.  To
reinstall the short menu, choose \acmd{Short LaTeX Menu} again.
\label{pg:shortLaTeXMenu}

The \LaTeX\ menu follows closely the organization and terminology of
Lamport's \textsl{\LaTeX: A Document Preparation System} [second
edition, Addison-Wesley, 1994], especially chapter~3.  Many people
agree that the \textsl{\LaTeX} book is still the definitive \LaTeX\
reference.  In conjunction with \textsl{The \LaTeX\ Companion} by
Goossens, Mittlebach, and Samarin [Addison-Wesley, 1994 (ISBN
0-201-54199-8)], these two books constitute the ``official'' \LaTeXe\
documentation.  These books, as well as Knuth's classic \textsl{\TeX
book} [Addison-Wesley, 1986 (ISBN 0-201-13448-9)], should be on every
serious \LaTeX\ user's desk.

The \LaTeX\ menu is organized into four parts: general commands,
document-related commands, paragraph mode commands (that is, text
commands), and math mode commands.  Each group of commands is
separated by a thin grey line on the \LaTeX\ menu.  The order of the
commands on any given submenu is significant insofar as possible.  For
example, the various commands on the \amenu{Environments} submenu
mirror the corresponding command keys, while other submenus follow the
ordering found in the \textsl{\LaTeX} book.  We'll try to point out
these organizational aids as we go along.

A brief description of each available command follows.  See
section~\ref{sec:docs} for pointers to other help documents.


\subsection{General commands}

\subsubsection{\amenu{Typeset} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Typeset file.tex} & \key{Cmd T} \\
    \acmd{View file.dvi} & \key{Shf Cmd V} \\
    \acmd{Print file.dvi} & \key{Shf Cmd P}
\end{commands}
If you use \Textures, \OzTeX, \CMacTeX, or \DirectTeX, you'll be happy
to know that \Alpha\ and \LaTeX\ work well together.  To typeset the
file you're currently editing in \Alpha, simply choose \acmd{Typeset}
from the \amenu{Typeset} submenu or press \key{Cmd T}.  \Alpha\ first
checks to make sure that any changes to the file have been saved; if
not, the user is prompted for the appropriate action.  Note that it is
not necessary to save the document to process the window.  Just click
the ``No'' button when asked to save the current window, whereupon
\Alpha\ will pass the contents of the window to the \LaTeX\
application and typeset the file automatically.  If the flag
\acmd{runTeXInBack} is set to true, typesetting will occur in the
background.

The inverse operation, switching from \LaTeX\ to \Alpha, depends on
which \LaTeX\ application you're using.  \OzTeX\ users, for example,
simply choose the \acmd{Edit} command from \OzTeX's \amenu{Edit} menu
or press \key{Cmd E} to return to \Alpha.  (By the way, typing `e' in
response to a \LaTeX\ error message in the \OzTeX\ window throws you
back into \Alpha\ at the offending line.  The same trick works in
\CMacTeX\ and \DirectTeX, too.)

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Typeset Clipboard} & \key{Shf Cmd T} \\
    \acmd{Typeset Selection} &
\end{commands}
To typeset the contents of the Clipboard, choose the \acmd{Typeset
Clipboard} command from the \amenu{Typeset} submenu or press \key{Shf
Cmd T}.  This command is handy for typesetting and viewing \TeX\ or
\LaTeX\ code copied to the Clipboard from other applications such as
terminal emulators or e-mail clients.

It's also possible to typeset a portion of a document.  Simply select
(i.e., highlight) the \LaTeX\ code you'd like to typeset and choose
\acmd{Typeset Selection} from the \amenu{Typeset} submenu.  \Alpha\ will
construct a temporary document from the current document's preamble
and the highlighted text, and pass this virtual document to the \TeX\
application to be typeset automatically.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{dvips file.dvi} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.ps} & \\
    \acmd{View file.ps} & \\
    \acmd{Print file.ps} &
\end{commands}
To convert a \filetype{dvi} file to a \filetype{ps} file, choose the
\acmd{dvips} command on the \amenu{Typeset} submenu.  Assuming you
have the necessary applications installed on your Macintosh, choose
\acmd{View file.ps} or \acmd{Print file.ps} to view or print the
resulting \filetype{ps} file.

\textbf{Tip:} To see what applications are currently supported for
viewing or printing \filetype{ps} files, type
\begin{verbatim}
  array names viewPSAppSig
\end{verbatim}
or
\begin{verbatim}
  array names printPSAppSig
\end{verbatim}
in the Tcl shell.  (To invoke the shell, choose the \acmd{Shell}
command from \Alpha's \amenu{File} menu or press \key{Cmd Y}.)

Once a \filetype{ps} file has been created, you may open a window
containing the raw PostScript code by choosing \acmd{Open file.ps} on
the \amenu{Typeset} submenu.  To see this command, press the \key{Opt}
key while the \amenu{Typeset} submenu is down.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{bibtex file.aux} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.bbl} & \\
    \acmd{makeindex file.idx} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.ind} &
\end{commands}
To run \BibTeX\ or \MakeIndex, choose the corresponding command from
the \amenu{Typeset} submenu.  While the \amenu{Typeset} submenu is
down, press the \key{Opt} key and choose \acmd{Open file.bbl} or
\acmd{Open file.ind} to open the file created by \BibTeX\ or
\MakeIndex, respectively.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Open file.log} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.aux} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.toc} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.lof} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.lot} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.idx} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.blg} & \\
    \acmd{Open file.ilg} & \\
    \acmd{Open Any TeX File\ldots} & \key{Shf Cmd O}
\end{commands}
The \amenu{Other Files} submenu on the \amenu{Typeset} submenu
provides convenient access to other \LaTeX\ auxiliary files.  Choose
\acmd{Open Any TeX File} on the \amenu{Other Files} submenu to open
\emph{any} file in the current directory.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Remove Auxiliary Files\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{Remove Temporary Files} &
\end{commands}
The utility \acmd{Remove Auxiliary Files} interactively removes all
auxiliary files (\filetype{aux} \filetype{bbl} \filetype{dvi}
\filetype{glo} \filetype{idx} \filetype{ind} \filetype{lof}
\filetype{log} \filetype{lot} \filetype{toc} \filetype{blg}
\filetype{clg} \filetype{ilg} \filetype{ps}) in the current directory.
Two additional buttons have been added to the dialog: the button
labeled ``rm ext'' removes all files with the same extension as the
file displayed in the dialog, and ``rm all'' removes all auxiliary
files from the current directory without prompting.

\Alpha\ writes all temporary files to \filespec{\$PREFS:tmp:}, which
makes them easier to remove.  All temporary files are removed once, at
launch; however, the command \acmd{Remove Temporary Files} on the
\amenu{Typeset} submenu removes all temporary files immediately.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Goto} submenu}%
\label{sec:gotoSubmenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{LaTeX} & \key{Shf Cmd S} \\
    \acmd{BibTeX} &  \\
    \acmd{MakeIndex} &
\end{commands}
These commands launch and switch to the corresponding application
\emph{without} saving and typesetting the current document.  The
\acmd{LaTeX} command, for instance, is identical to the old
\acmd{latex} command in \filespec{latex.tcl}~v2.0.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Next Tab Stop} & \key{Tab} \\
    \acmd{Prev Tab Stop} & \key{Shf Tab} \\
    \acmd{nth Tab Stop\ldots} & \key{Ctl Tab}
\end{commands}
As you write your document using the various commands on the \LaTeX\
menu, templates are inserted into the text along with tab stops
(represented by bullets, which may also be inserted with \key{Opt 8}).
The idea is to type an argument at the current tab stop, press
\key{Tab} to go to the next tab stop, enter another argument, press
\key{Tab} again, and so on.  That's what \acmd{Next Tab Stop} and
\acmd{Prev Tab Stop} do: they move around from tab stop to tab stop.
Since \acmd{Next Tab Stop} and \acmd{Prev Tab Stop} are bound to the
\key{Tab} and \key{Shf Tab}, respectively, the menu commands aren't as
convenient as simply pressing the tab key, but they're included on the
\LaTeX\ menu for completeness.

NOTE:  Press \key{Opt Tab} to insert a literal tab into the document.

The \acmd{nth Tab Stop} command generalizes \acmd{Next Tab Stop} and
\acmd{Prev Tab Stop}.  The user is prompted for an integer (positive
or negative) specifying which tab stop to go to (relative to the
cursor position).  The \acmd{nth Tab Stop} command can also be used
non-interactively in Tcl procs.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Prev Command} & \key{Kpad4} \\
    \acmd{Next Command} & \key{Kpad6} \\
    \acmd{Prev Command Select} & \key{Shf Kpad4} \\
    \acmd{Next Command Select} & \key{Shf Kpad6} \\
    \acmd{Prev Command Select With Args} & \key{Shf Opt Kpad4} \\
    \acmd{Next Command Select With Args} & \key{Shf Opt Kpad6}
\end{commands}
The \acmd{Prev Command} and \acmd{Next Command} commands move the
cursor to the beginning of the previous or next \LaTeX\ command, while
\acmd{Prev Command Select} and \acmd{Next Command Select} select the
previous or next \LaTeX\ command.  Similarly, \acmd{Prev Command
Select With Args} and \acmd{Next Command Select With Args} select the
previous or next \LaTeX\ command, along with any command arguments that
may be present.  Required arguments containing nested braces will not be
selected, however.  See section~\ref{sec:bugs} for more information
about this and other \Alpha\ \LaTeX\ bugs.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Prev Environment} & \key{Cmd Kpad4} \\
    \acmd{Next Environment} & \key{Cmd Kpad6} \\
    \acmd{Prev Environment Select} & \key{Shf Cmd Kpad4} \\
    \acmd{Next Environment Select} & \key{Shf Cmd Kpad6}
\end{commands}
Like \acmd{Prev Command} and \acmd{Next Command}, these commands
either move the cursor to the beginning of the previous or next
\LaTeX\ environment, or select the previous or next \LaTeX\
environment.  They are useful for locating or relocating environments.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Prev Section} & \key{Cmd Kpad8} \\
    \acmd{Next Section} & \key{Cmd Kpad2} \\
    \acmd{Prev Section Select} & \key{Shf Cmd Kpad8} \\
    \acmd{Next Section Select} & \key{Shf Cmd Kpad2}
\end{commands}
The \acmd{Prev Section} and \acmd{Next Section} commands may be used
to navigate large files with many sections.  They use the regular
expression \acmd{funcExprAlt} (which, of course, may be modified)
discussed in section~\ref{sec:variables}.  The \acmd{Prev Section
Select} and \acmd{Next Section Select} commands select the previous or
next section, that is, all the text from one \cmd{section} command to
the next, and are useful for relocating large blocks of text.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Prev Subsection} & \key{Kpad8} \\
    \acmd{Next Subsection} & \key{Kpad2} \\
    \acmd{Prev Subsection Select} & \key{Shf Kpad8} \\
    \acmd{Next Subsection Select} & \key{Shf Kpad2}
\end{commands}
The \acmd{Prev Subsection} and \acmd{Next Subsection} commands are
similar to \acmd{Prev Section} and \acmd{Next Section} except that
they also stop at each \cmd{subsection} and \cmd{subsubsection} as
well.  They use the variable \acmd{funcExpr} discussed in
section~\ref{sec:variables}.  In \TeX\ mode, these commands take the
place of \Alpha's generic \acmd{Next Func} and \acmd{Prev Func}
commands, which are bound to \key{Kpad3} and \key{Kpad1},
respectively, in other modes.  Like \acmd{Prev Section Select} and
\acmd{Next Section Select}, the \acmd{Prev Subsection Select} and
\acmd{Next Subsection Select} commands select the previous or next
\cmd{section}, \cmd{subsection}, or \cmd{subsubsection}.

\subsubsection{\amenu{LaTeX Utilities} submenu}%
\label{sec:latexUtilsSubmenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Choose Command} & \key{Shf Cmd C}
\end{commands}
This command provides access to each and every command on the \LaTeX\
menu via the keyboard.  It's a multi-step process, where the number of
steps depend on whether you're using the long or short \LaTeX\ menu:
first, press \key{Shf Cmd C} and choose a submenu from the list (using
the arrow keys or by pressing the first letter of a submenu name).
Next, choose another submenu from the list or the desired command,
whichever is appropriate.  Continue descending the \LaTeX\ submenus
until the desired command is found.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Insert Literal Tab} & \key{Opt Tab} \\
    \acmd{Insert Tab Stop} & \key{Opt 8}
\end{commands}
Use the \acmd{Insert Literal Tab} command, or better yet its command
key \key{Opt Tab}, to insert a literal tab into the document.  (This
is the same command key used to insert a literal tab in other \Alpha\
modes, by the way.)  To insert a tab stop (i.e., a bullet) at the
insertion point, choose the \acmd{Insert Tab Stop} command on the
\amenu{LaTeX Utilities} submenu.  On a U.S. keyboard, this character
is bound to \key{Opt 8}, by default.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Delete Tab Stops} & \key{Cmd Tab} \\
    \acmd{Delete Comments} &
\end{commands}
The \acmd{Delete Tab Stops} command deletes all tab stops (bullets)
from the current document (or the current selection, if there is one).
The \acmd{Delete Comments} command deletes all \emph{unnecessary}
comments from a \LaTeX\ document (which is more difficult than you
think).  Using the \acmd{Find} dialog, the following three-step manual
operation (try it!) will remove all comments from the current document:
\begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{rcc}
         & search string & replace string  \\
        \hline
        step 1: & \verb*|^[ \t]*%.*\r| & null  \\
        step 2: & \verb*|[ \t]+%.*| & null  \\
        step 3: & \verb*|([^\\](\\\\)*)%.*| & \verb*|\1%|  \\
    \end{tabular}
\end{center}
The utility \acmd{delete comments} simply automates this process.
Thanks to Craig Platt \eaddress{[e-mail]} for posting this
algorithm in the newsgroup \texttt{comp.text.tex}.

WARNING!  The effects of \acmd{Delete Comments} can not be undone.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Convert Quotes} &  \\
    \acmd{Convert Dollar Signs} &
\end{commands}
If there is a selection, \acmd{Convert Quotes} converts all straight
quotes to curved quotes (\LaTeX-style) within the selection;
otherwise, it converts the entire document.

Plain \TeX\ uses dollar signs to delimit math mode and displaymath
mode.  Since \LaTeX\ inherits most, if not all of plain \TeX's
functionality, dollar signs work in \LaTeX\ documents, too.  Identical
left and right delimiters are difficult to parse, however, and so any
error messages will be misleading at best.  That is why \LaTeX\ has
its own math mode delimiters and that's why they should be used.  The
\acmd{Convert Dollar Signs} command replaces all dollar signs in the
current document (or the current selection, if there is one) with
appropriate \LaTeX\ syntax.  It does this by making two passes over
the code, and is therefore somewhat slow on large documents.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Short LaTeX Menu} &
\end{commands}
The \acmd{Short LaTeX Menu} command is a checkable menu item that
toggles back and forth between the short and long \LaTeX\ menu.  See
the discussion on page~\pageref{pg:shortLaTeXMenu} for details.


\subsection{Document-related commands}

\subsubsection{\amenu{Documents} submenu}%
\label{sec:documentsSubmenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{New Document} & \key{Shf Cmd N}
\end{commands}
Use this command to open a new window in \TeX\ mode.  Choose \acmd{New
Document} or press \key{Shf Cmd N} to bring up a dialog with a pop-up
menu of standard document types.  This will create a new \TeX\ window,
insert a document of the requested type, and automatically run the
\acmd{options} command (which is still on the \amenu{Documents}
submenu).  The old commands \acmd{article}, \acmd{letter}, etc.\ will
be found on the \amenu{Insert Document} subsubmenu (discussed below).
Each such command behaves as it did before, that is, it inserts a
document template into an empty window or wraps the entire contents of
the current window.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{article} &  \\
    \acmd{report} &  \\
    \acmd{book} &  \\
    \acmd{letter} &  \\
    \acmd{slides} &  \\
    \acmd{generic\ldots} &
\end{commands}
Choosing one of these document templates from the \amenu{Documents}
submenu either inserts the desired template at the insertion point, or
if there is a current selection, the selection is wrapped up inside
the chosen template.  In either case, the insertion point is
positioned at the beginning of the template where the user may enter
any specific document class options that may be required (standard
options include \texttt{11pt}, \texttt{twoside} and
\texttt{twocolumn}, for example).  If none are desired, simply skip
over this part of the template (it's okay to leave the square brackets
empty).  See the \acmd{options} command below for more information on
document class options.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{options\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{usepackage} & \key{Ctl Opt U}
\end{commands}
The \acmd{options} command presents the user with a dialog box and a
list of standard document class options.  Choosing one of these
options or typing a name into the text box of the dialog inserts the
chosen option into the current document at the appropriate place.  See
the bug list in section~\ref{sec:bugs} for a caveat, however.

When you insert a \LaTeX\ document template into the current window,
you get one \cmd{usepackage} command by default.  To insert another
\cmd{usepackage} immediately after the \cmd{documentclass} command,
choose the \acmd{usepackage} command on the \amenu{Documents} submenu
or press \key{Ctl Opt U}.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{filecontents\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{filecontents All} &
\end{commands}
To facilitate file transfer, \LaTeXe\ now has a \env{filecontents}
environment that contains the source of a \LaTeX\ auxiliary file or
input file.  Issuing this command brings up a standard file dialog.
After locating the file to be included, \filespec{latex.tcl} wraps the
file inside a \env{filecontents} environment and inserts it at the
beginning of the document.

There is also a \acmd{filecontents All} command that scans the
current document and prepends one \env{filecontents} environment for
each custom package or class file in the current folder.  Local files
read by \cmd{input} or \cmd{include} are also attached, as well as
\filetype{bib} and \filetype{bst} files.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{Rebuild Documents Submenu} &
\end{commands}
This command rebuilds the \amenu{Documents} submenu on-the-fly.  It's
a temporary fix until I think of a better way to handle the
\amenu{Packages} submenu.  The \amenu{Packages} submenu contains a
list of all packages known to the \TeX\ application.  Choosing one of
these packages inserts the corresponding \cmd{usepackage} command into
the preamble of the current document.  To build this submenu, enable
the flag \acmd{buildPkgsSubmenu} as described in
section~\ref{sec:flags}, and then choose \acmd{Rebuild Documents
Submenu} on the \amenu{Documents} submenu.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Page Layout} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{maketitle} &
\end{commands}
\LaTeX's \cmd{maketitle} command formats a title page with information
provided by the user.  Choosing this command from the \LaTeX\ menu
inserts a title page template into the current document just after the
\cmdarg{begin}{document} command.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{abstract} &  \\
    \acmd{titlepage} &
\end{commands}
The \env{abstract} and \env{titlepage} environments contain the text
of an abstract and title page, respectively.  The latter differs from
\cmd{maketitle} in that the user is totally responsible for the format
of the title page.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{pagestyle\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{thispagestyle\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{pagenumbering\ldots} &
\end{commands}
The \acmd{pagestyle} and \acmd{thispagestyle} commands control what
appears in the header and footer of the current document.  The user is
presented with a list of standard formats from which to choose.  The
\acmd{pagenumbering} command is for choosing the style of the page
numbers, and is also interactive.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{twocolumn} &  \\
    \acmd{onecolumn} &
\end{commands}
These are simple declarations that tell \LaTeX\ to begin formatting
the output in two or one column format, respectively.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Sectioning} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{part} &  \\
    \acmd{chapter} &  \\
    \acmd{section} &  \\
    \acmd{subsection} &  \\
    \acmd{subsubsection} &  \\
    \acmd{paragraph} &  \\
    \acmd{subparagraph} &
\end{commands}
All \LaTeX\ sectioning commands are available from the
\amenu{Sectioning} submenu, the most common commands being the
\acmd{chapter}, \acmd{section}, and \acmd{subsection} commands.  The
corresponding \LaTeX\ command is inserted at the insertion point.  The
current selection, if there is one, is assumed to be the name of the
section and wrapped up inside curly braces.  The resulting declaration
is \emph{not} automatically followed by a carriage return since the
user has the option of putting a label (or whatever) on the same line.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{appendix} &
\end{commands}
Unlike the other sectioning commands, this command does not have an
argument.  It simply tells \LaTeX\ to start numbering differently.
The \cmd{appendix} declaration only makes sense in the context of a
long document such as a book.


\subsection{Paragraph mode commands}

\subsubsection{\amenu{Text Style} submenu}

The following text style commands each take an argument, namely, the
text to be formatted in the given style.  For large amounts of text,
use the corresponding declarations listed on p.~37 of the \LaTeX\
book.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{emph} & \key{Ctl Opt E} \\
    \acmd{underline} & \key{Ctl Cmd U}
\end{commands}
Short for ``emphasized'', the \acmd{emph} command is perhaps the most
often used \LaTeX\ text style.  If the surrounding text has the
upright shape (see below), then \LaTeX\ typesets emphasized text in
italics.  If the surrounding text is italicized, then emphasized text
will be upright.  The so-called ``italic correction'' is handled
automatically by this command.

Although underlined text is not used much anymore, the corresponding
command is included here for completeness.  The \acmd{underline}
command may also be used in math mode and therefore also appears on
the \amenu{Grouping} submenu.  See section~\ref{sec:groupingSubmenu}.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{textup} &  \\
    \acmd{textit} & \key{Ctl Opt I} \\
    \acmd{textsl} & \key{Ctl Opt S} \\
    \acmd{textsc} & \key{Ctl Opt H}
\end{commands}
These four commands specify the \emph{shape} of their respective
arguments.  They call for upright text, italics, slanted text, and
small caps, respectively.  Upright is the default.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{textmd} &  \\
    \acmd{textbf} & \key{Ctl Opt B}
\end{commands}
These commands specify an attribute called the \emph{series} of the
corresponding font.  They call for medium and boldfaced text,
respectively.  Medium is the default.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{textrm} & \key{Ctl Opt R} \\
    \acmd{textsf} & \key{Ctl Opt W} \\
    \acmd{texttt} & \key{Ctl Opt Y}
\end{commands}
The third and final component of any given font is the \emph{family}.
There are three families: roman, sans serif, and typewriter.  Roman is
the default.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{textnormal} &
\end{commands}
Regardless of the surrounding text, the argument of \cmd{textnormal}
is typeset in the default style, that is, upright, medium, and roman.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{em} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt E} \\
    \acmd{upshape} &  \\
    \acmd{itshape} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt I} \\
    \acmd{slshape} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt S} \\
    \acmd{scshape} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt H} \\
    \acmd{mdseries} &  \\
    \acmd{bfseries} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt B} \\
    \acmd{rmfamily} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt R} \\
    \acmd{sffamily} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt W} \\
    \acmd{ttfamily} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt Y} \\
    \acmd{normalfont} &
\end{commands}
These commands are the declarative counterparts of the previously
mentioned text style commands.  Typically, they are used for large
chunks of text, say, entire paragraphs.  (Note: the declarative
versions do not apply an italic correction.  See the \LaTeX\ manual
for usage and examples.)  To access these commands, press the \key{Shf}
key with the \amenu{Text Style} submenu down.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Text Size} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{tiny} & \key{Ctl Opt 1} \\
    \acmd{scriptsize} & \key{Ctl Opt 2} \\
    \acmd{footnotesize} & \key{Ctl Opt 3} \\
    \acmd{small} & \key{Ctl Opt 4} \\
    \acmd{normalsize} & \key{Ctl Opt 5} \\
    \acmd{large} & \key{Ctl Opt 6} \\
    \acmd{Large} & \key{Ctl Opt 7} \\
    \acmd{LARGE} & \key{Ctl Opt 8} \\
    \acmd{huge} & \key{Ctl Opt 9} \\
    \acmd{Huge} & \key{Ctl Opt 0}
\end{commands}
These commands declare the text font size.  They affect the entire
document unless surrounded by braces, so the menu commands
automatically insert braces.  If you want the entire document set in a
certain font size, insert a class option with the \acmd{options}
command (see section~\ref{sec:documentsSubmenu}).

\subsubsection{\amenu{International} submenu}

\filespec{latex.tcl} implements about half of \LaTeX's full palette of
international symbols and accents (if you can think of ways to get the
rest of these on the \LaTeX\ menu, please let me know!).  See
Tables~3.1 and 3.2 on pp.~38--39 of the \LaTeX\ book for a complete
list.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Environments} submenu}%
\label{sec:envSubmenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{itemize\ldots} & \key{Opt F7} \\
    \acmd{enumerate\ldots} & \key{Shf Opt F7} \\
    \acmd{description\ldots} & \key{Ctl Opt F7} \\
    \acmd{thebibliography\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{slide} & \key{Opt F8} \\
    \acmd{overlay} & \key{Shf Opt F8} \\
    \acmd{note} & \key{Ctl Opt F8} \\
    \acmd{figure} & \key{Opt F9} \\
    \acmd{table} & \key{Shf Opt F9} \\
    \acmd{tabular\ldots} & \key{Ctl Opt F9} \\
    \acmd{verbatim} & \key{Opt F10} \\
    \acmd{quote} & \key{Shf Opt F10} \\
    \acmd{quotation} & \key{Ctl Opt F10} \\
    \acmd{verse} &  \\
    \acmd{center} & \key{Opt F11} \\
    \acmd{flushleft} & \key{Shf Opt F11} \\
    \acmd{flushright} & \key{Ctl Opt F11} \\
    \acmd{general\ldots} & \key{Opt F12}
\end{commands}
One of the most useful of \filespec{latex.tcl}'s many features is its
ability to insert skeletal templates for multi-line environments (that
is, \LaTeX\ constructs delimited by a \cmd{begin}\ldots\cmd{end} pair).
These may be inserted anywhere in the document (even in the middle of
a line), complete with tab stops and appropriate indentation.  In some
cases (like \acmd{itemize}), the user is asked to specify the number
of rows desired, after which the program generates the corresponding
environment body complete with indentation and tab stops.  Some
environment commands (like \acmd{tabular}) also prompt the user for
the desired number of columns.  There's even a \acmd{general} command
for inserting user-defined environments on-the-fly.

The \acmd{figure} command deserves special mention.  Choosing this
command from the \amenu{Environments} submenu (or by pressing \key{Opt
F9}) brings up a dialog with a pop-up menu of box-making macros, one
for every macro name stored in the \TeX\ mode variable
\acmd{boxMacroNames} (see section~\ref{sec:variables}).  With the
mouse or arrow keys, choose one of these macro names and click ``OK''
to insert the corresponding \env{figure} environment at the insertion
point, or leave the text box blank to wrap a \env{figure} environment
around the current selection (if there is one).  If only one macro
name is stored in \acmd{boxMacroNames}, then the dialog is
circumvented and the \env{figure} environment is inserted at the
insertion point without prompting.

Note: The \amenu{Environments} submenu seeks to mimic the
corresponding command keys.  Each group of environments on this
submenu has been assigned a different function key, beginning with
\key{F7}.  The \acmd{general} environment, for instance, is bound to
\key{Opt F12}.  See section~\ref{sec:keys} for more information.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Boxes} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{mbox} & \key{Ctl Opt M} \\
    \acmd{makebox} &  \\
    \acmd{fbox} &  \\
    \acmd{framebox} &
\end{commands}
Perhaps the most useful box-making command is \cmd{mbox}, which
formats its argument in LR mode, a restricted form of paragraph mode
impervious to line breaks.  The \cmd{mbox} command is especially
useful for inserting a bit of plain text in the middle of a math
formula (see the \textsl{\LaTeX} book for examples).  The \cmd{makebox}
command is a generalized form of \cmd{mbox}, which takes the width and
height of the box as additional arguments.

The commands \cmd{fbox} and \cmd{framebox} are analogous to \cmd{mbox}
and \cmd{makebox} except that a rectangular frame is drawn around the
box.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{newsavebox} &  \\
    \acmd{sbox} &  \\
    \acmd{savebox} &  \\
    \acmd{usebox} &
\end{commands}
A ``savebox'' is a bin for storing text, graphics, formulas, or
whatever.  The argument to \cmd{sbox} or \cmd{savebox} is typeset
\emph{once} and may be recalled later, any number of times, via
\cmd{usebox}.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{raisebox} &
\end{commands}
This box-making command takes a vertical offset as one of its arguments.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{parbox} &  \\
    \acmd{minipage} &
\end{commands}
The primary argument of \LaTeX's \cmd{parbox} command or
\env{minipage} environment is typeset in paragraph mode.  \cmd{parbox}
is for small amounts of text, while the \env{minipage} environment is
for large blocks of text.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{rule} &
\end{commands}
The \cmd{rule} command makes a box filled with ink.  For example,
\begin{verbatim}
  \newcommand{\filledsquare}{\rule[0.125ex]{1.3ex}{1.3ex}}
\end{verbatim}
makes a black square approximately the same size as \LaTeX's open \cmd{Box}.
(There is an analogous command called \cmd{blacksquare} defined in the AMS
symbol package.)

\subsubsection{\amenu{Miscellaneous} submenu}%
\label{sec:miscSubmenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{verb} & \key{Ctl Opt V} \\
    \acmd{footnote} & \key{Ctl Opt F} \\
    \acmd{marginal note} & \key{Ctl Opt N}
\end{commands}
All the above commands wrap the current selection, if there is one.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{label} & \key{Ctl Opt L} \\
    \acmd{ref} & \key{Ctl Opt X} \\
    \acmd{pageref} & \key{Ctl Opt P} \\
    \acmd{cite} & \key{Ctl Opt C} \\
    \acmd{nocite} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt C}
\end{commands}
These commands do more than simply insert the corresponding \LaTeX\
command.  For instance, press \key{Ctl Opt X} or \key{Ctl Opt P} to
insert a \cmd{ref} or \cmd{pageref} command, respectively.  The
inserted command will contain the argument of the nearest \cmd{label}
command.  Continue pressing \key{Ctl Opt X} or \key{Ctl Opt P} to cycle
through all the \cmd{label} commands in your document.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{item} & \key{Ctl Opt J}
\end{commands}
Simply press \key{Ctl Opt J} inside an \env{itemize}, \env{enumerate},
\env{description}, or \env{thebibliography} environment to insert an
item of the appropriate type at the insertion point.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{quotes} & \key{Ctl Opt \straightquote} \\
    \acmd{double quotes} & \key{Shf Ctl Opt \straightquote}
\end{commands}
The \filespec{latex.tcl} macro package incorporates a ``smart quotes''
feature originally implemented by an unknown author (see the code in
\filespec{latexSmart.tcl}) that makes the typing of quoted material
totally transparent.  Just use the quote key as you would for plain
text files.  Consequently, the \acmd{quotes} and \acmd{double quotes}
commands are primarily used for quoting existing text.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{ellipsis} &  \\
    \acmd{en-dash} &  \\
    \acmd{em-dash} &  \\
    \acmd{TeX logo} &  \\
    \acmd{LaTeX logo} &  \\
    \acmd{Latex2e logo} &  \\
    \acmd{date} &
\end{commands}
These are a few of the text-related \LaTeX\ commands that I've found
useful from time to time.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{dag} &  \\
    \acmd{ddag} &  \\
    \acmd{section mark} &  \\
    \acmd{paragraph mark} &  \\
    \acmd{copyright} &  \\
    \acmd{pounds} &
\end{commands}
The previous six commands may be used in any mode, including math mode.


\subsection{Math mode commands}

\subsubsection{\amenu{Math Mode} submenu}%
\label{sec:mathModeSubmenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{TeX math} &  \\
    \acmd{TeX displaymath} &  \\
    \acmd{LaTeX math} & \key{Ctl Cmd M} or \key{Ctl Cmd 4} \\
    \acmd{Latex displaymath} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd M} or \key{Ctl Opt Cmd 4}
\end{commands}
Math mode may be invoked in a number of ways.  Many \TeX nical typists
rely exclusively on \TeX's use of dollar signs and almost always key
in their documents horizontally from left to right.  Others have
adopted \LaTeX's tendency to prefer vertical constructions
(environments).  Still others have settled on some combination of
these, using whichever seems comfortable or convenient at the time.
Whatever your approach to mathematical typesetting, there's something
for everybody in \filespec{latex.tcl}, designed to simplify the input
of complex mathematical formulas.

Four math modes are available for normal, left-to-right input.  These
are called \acmd{TeX math} \verb|$|\ldots\verb|$| and \acmd{TeX
displaymath} \verb|$$|\ldots\verb|$$|, along with their
corresponding \LaTeX\ equivalents called \acmd{LaTeX math}
\cmd{(}\ldots\cmd{)} and \acmd{LaTeX displaymath}
\cmd{[}\ldots\cmd{]}.  The \LaTeX\ versions are logically equivalent
to the multi-line \env{math} and \env{displaymath} environments (see
below).  The latter have the advantage that 1) they are often more
readable in source form, and 2) they are more easily changed (by
simply replacing keywords) as the document evolves.

NOTE: The above command keys automatically switch from
\acmd{Latex math} and \acmd{Latex displaymath} to \acmd{Tex math} and
\acmd{Tex displaymath}, respectively, when the flag
\acmd{useDollarSigns} is set to true.

\textbf{Tip:} Get into the habit of pressing \key{Ctl Cmd M} or
\key{Ctl Opt Cmd M} when composing in-line equations, since there is
less chance of inadvertantly omitting a dollar sign if you do.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Math Style} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{mathit} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd I} \\
    \acmd{mathrm} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd R} \\
    \acmd{mathbf} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd B} \\
    \acmd{mathsf} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd W} \\
    \acmd{mathtt} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd Y} \\
    \acmd{mathcal} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd C} \\
    \acmd{displaystyle} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd D} \\
    \acmd{textstyle} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd T} \\
    \acmd{scriptstyle} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd S} \\
    \acmd{scriptscriptstyle} &
\end{commands}
The next submenu on the \LaTeX\ menu is called \amenu{Math Style},
with commands for math italic, roman, boldface, sans serif, typewriter
and calligraphic typefaces, as well as declarations for
\cmd{displaystyle}, \cmd{textstyle}, \cmd{scriptstyle}, and
\cmd{scriptscriptstyle}.  The latter command quartet are sometimes
needed to override \LaTeX's default math style.  (The \env{array}
environment, for example, insists on enabling \cmd{textstyle}
regardless of the surrounding environment.)

\subsubsection{\amenu{Math Environments} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{math} & \key{Opt F5} \\
    \acmd{displaymath} & \key{Shf Opt F5} \\
    \acmd{equation} & \key{Ctl Opt F5} \\
    \acmd{eqnarray\texttt{*}} & \key{Shf Opt F6} \\
    \acmd{eqnarray} & \key{Ctl Opt F6} \\
    \acmd{array} & \key{Opt F6} \\
    \acmd{general} & \key{Opt F12}
\end{commands}
Besides the \env{math} and \env{displaymath} environments discussed in
section~\ref{sec:mathModeSubmenu}, other multi-line math environments
(\env{equation}, \env{array}, \env{eqnarray}, and \env{eqnarray*}) are
also available.  Each is mutually exclusive (that is, one may not be
nested inside the other) except for the \env{array} environment which
\emph{must} be nested inside some other math environment.  (It took me
a long time to come to grips with this apparent anomaly).  There's
also a \acmd{general} environment command, which is exactly the same
command found on the \amenu{Text Style} submenu.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Formulas} submenu}%
\label{sec:formulasSubmenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{subscript} & \key{\_} (if \acmd{smartScripts} is true) \\
    \acmd{superscript} & \key{\^{}} (if \acmd{smartScripts} is true) \\
    \acmd{frac} & \key{Ctl Cmd F} \\
    \acmd{sqrt} & \key{Ctl Cmd R} \\
    \acmd{nth root} &  \\
    \acmd{one parameter} & \key{Ctl Cmd 1} \\
    \acmd{two parameters} & \key{Ctl Cmd 2}
\end{commands}
The \amenu{Formulas} submenu contains \LaTeX\ commands commonly used
to build up even the simplest mathematical expressions.  There are
commands for typesetting subscripts and superscripts, fractions (which
used to be difficult to typeset), square roots, and arbitrary $n$th
roots.  There are also one and two-parameter \LaTeX\ commands, which
allow the user to type in a command name on-the-fly.  Next to
\filespec{latex.tcl}'s environment commands, the formula commands are
most useful.  (In fact, it pays to memorize their command key
equivalents.)

While we're talking about the \amenu{Formulas} submenu, let me say a
little bit about \filespec{latex.tcl}'s ability to parse fractions.
How many times have you found yourself wanting to recast a
horizontally typeset fraction such as
\begin{verbatim}
  $x = (-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac})/(2a)$
\end{verbatim}
in a corresponding ``vertical'' form
\begin{verbatim}
  $$x = \frac{(-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac})}{(2a)}$$
\end{verbatim}
Obviously, such an operation involves a lot of cutting and pasting,
and I used to avoid it like the plague.  Well, now all you have to do
is select the text you want converted (in this case, all the text
inside the dollar signs except ``\texttt{x = }``) and then choose the
\acmd{frac} command from the \amenu{Formulas} submenu on \LaTeX\ menu.
The rest is automatic.  (Now if only I could get it to automatically
remove the redundant parentheses\ldots)

\subsubsection{\amenu{Greek} submenu}

One of the longest of \filespec{latex.tcl}'s submenus contains the
entire Greek alphabet, including both lower and upper-case letters
(hold down the \key{Opt} key while the \amenu{Greek} submenu is down
to see the latter), plus a handful of lower-case ``italicized''
letters (\cmd{varepsilon}, \cmd{vartheta}, \cmd{varpi}, \cmd{varrho},
\cmd{varsigma}, and \cmd{varphi}).  To type a \amenu{Greek} command at
the keyboard, press \key{Ctl M} \key{letter}, where \key{letter} is
the same key assigned to that letter by the Macintosh Symbol font.  See
the file \filespec{latex\_bindings.tex} for a useful summary.

NOTE: There are two \amenu{Greek} submenus.  While one is down, press
a modifier key (such as \key{Opt}) to see the alternate menu.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Binary Operators} and \amenu{Relations} submenus}

Plain \TeX\ defines an incredible variety of mathematical symbols,
each transparently available to the \LaTeX\ user.  All of these
symbols have been implemented in this version of \filespec{latex.tcl}.

There are two \amenu{Relations} menus.  While one is down, press
a modifier key (such as \key{Opt}) to see the alternate menu.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Arrows}, \amenu{Dots}, and \amenu{Symbols} submenus}

A quick glance at the \LaTeX\ book shows a wide assortment of arrows,
dots, and miscellaneous mathematical symbols.  Starting with v2.2, all
of these have been implemented in \filespec{latex.tcl}.  See the
\amenu{Arrows}, \amenu{Dots}, and \amenu{Symbols} submenus for
exhaustive lists of available commands.

NOTE: There are two \amenu{Arrows} menus.  While one is down, press a
modifier key (such as \key{Opt}) to see the alternate menu.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Functions} submenu}

All of \TeX's so-called ``log-like'' functions (\cmd{exp} and
\cmd{sin}, for instance) have been implemented in this version of
\filespec{latex.tcl}.  Some of these commands (\acmd{lim}, \acmd{inf},
\acmd{sup}, \acmd{liminf}, \acmd{limsup}, \acmd{max}, and \acmd{min})
automatically insert a subscript.  Only \acmd{lim} has a command key,
namely, \key{Ctl Cmd L}.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Large Operators} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{sum} & \key{Ctl Cmd S} \\
    \acmd{prod} & \key{Ctl Cmd P} \\
    \acmd{coprod} &  \\
    \acmd{int} & \key{Ctl Cmd I} \\
    \acmd{oint} &  \\
    \acmd{bigcup} &  \\
    \acmd{bigcap} &  \\
    \acmd{bigsqcup} &  \\
    \acmd{bigvee} &  \\
    \acmd{bigwedge} &  \\
    \acmd{bigodot} &  \\
    \acmd{bigotimes} &  \\
    \acmd{bigoplus} &  \\
    \acmd{biguplus} &
\end{commands}
The \filespec{latex.tcl} macro package also provides support for
\TeX's so-called ``large operators''.  Commands such as \acmd{sum}
\key{Ctl Cmd S}, \acmd{prod} \key{Ctl Cmd P}, \acmd{int} \key{Ctl Cmd
I}, \acmd{bigcup}, \acmd{bigcap}, \acmd{bigvee}, and \acmd{bigwedge}
may be found on the \amenu{Large Operators} submenu.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Delimiters} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{parentheses} &  \\
    \acmd{brackets} &  \\
    \acmd{braces} &  \\
    \acmd{vertical bars} &  \\
    \acmd{other delims\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{half-open interval} &  \\
    \acmd{half-closed interval} &  \\
    \acmd{big parentheses} &  \\
    \acmd{big brackets} &  \\
    \acmd{big braces} &  \\
    \acmd{big vertical bars} &  \\
    \acmd{other big delims\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{big left brace} &  \\
    \acmd{other mixed big delims\ldots} &
\end{commands}
\TeX\ is particularly adept at ``delimiting'' arbitrary-sized
mathematical expressions.  Examples include parenthesized equations,
matrices, and determinants.  Since the left and right delimiters need
not be of the same type, there are a host of options from which to
choose, which presents an interesting design problem.  A workable
compromise was achieved by implementing a handful of common delimiters
explicitly, and then providing access to other more esoteric
combinations via dialogs.  Consequently, commands for \acmd{big
parentheses}, \acmd{big brackets}, \acmd{big braces}, and \acmd{big
vertical bars} (i.e., absolute value signs) will be found on the
\amenu{Delimiters} submenu, along with a \acmd{big left brace}
(commonly used to define multi-part functions or systems of
equations), as well as commands called \acmd{other big delims} and
\acmd{other mixed big delims}.  The latter two commands are
interactive---the user either types the delimiter name directly into a
text box or chooses the desired name from a pop-up menu of available
options.  Also on the \amenu{Delimiters} submenu are normal-sized
\acmd{parentheses}, \acmd{brackets}, \acmd{braces}, \acmd{vertical
bars}, and other fixed-size delimiters.

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{multi-line big parentheses} &  \\
    \acmd{multi-line big brackets} &  \\
    \acmd{multi-line big braces} &  \\
    \acmd{multi-line big vertical bars} &  \\
    \acmd{other multi-line big delims\ldots} &  \\
    \acmd{multi-line big left brace} &  \\
    \acmd{other multi-line mixed big delims\ldots} &
\end{commands}
All of the big delimiters have multi-line counterparts (i.e, a
vertical, as opposed to a horizontal construct).  To access these
commands, press the \key{Opt} key while the \amenu{Delimiters} submenu
is down.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Math Accents} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{acute} & \key{Ctl Cmd A} \\
    \acmd{bar} & \key{Ctl Cmd B} \\
    \acmd{breve} &  \\
    \acmd{check} & \key{Ctl Cmd C} \\
    \acmd{dot} & \key{Ctl Cmd D} \\
    \acmd{ddot} &  \\
    \acmd{grave} & \key{Ctl Cmd G} \\
    \acmd{hat} & \key{Ctl Cmd H} \\
    \acmd{tilde} & \key{Ctl Cmd T} \\
    \acmd{vec} & \key{Ctl Cmd V} \\
    \acmd{widehat} &  \\
    \acmd{widetilde} &  \\
    \acmd{imath} &  \\
    \acmd{jmath} &
\end{commands}
Math accents (not to be confused with diacritical marks used in
paragraph mode) are accessed from a submenu of the same name.  There
are commands for hats, bars, tildes, vectors, dots, etc., plus wide
hats and tildes, most of which have command keys.  There are also
commands for dotless versions of the letters ``$i$'' and ``$j$'' used
in conjunction with these accents.  Insofar as possible, the macros
check to make sure that only single characters are being accented, or
in the case of wide accents, three or fewer characters.

\subsubsection{\amenu{Grouping} submenu}%
\label{sec:groupingSubmenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{underline} & \key{Ctl Cmd U} \\
    \acmd{overline} & \key{Ctl Cmd O} \\
    \acmd{underbrace} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd U} \\
    \acmd{overbrace} & \key{Ctl Opt Cmd O} \\
    \acmd{overrightarrow} &  \\
    \acmd{overleftarrow} &  \\
    \acmd{stackrel} &
\end{commands}
The \amenu{Grouping} submenu has commands for underlining and
overlining, and related commands that produce underbraces and
overbraces.  There's also a command called \acmd{stackrel} used to
construct compound operators via vertical stacking (see p.~50 of the
\LaTeX\ book for more information).

\subsubsection{\amenu{Spacing} submenu}

\begin{commands}
    \acmd{neg thin} &  \\
    \acmd{thin} &  \\
    \acmd{medium} &  \\
    \acmd{thick} &  \\
    \acmd{quad} &  \\
    \acmd{qquad} &  \\
    \acmd{hspace} &  \\
    \acmd{vspace} &  \\
    \acmd{hfill} &  \\
    \acmd{vfill} &  \\
    \acmd{smallskip} &  \\
    \acmd{medskip} &  \\
    \acmd{bigskip} &
\end{commands}
The \amenu{Spacing} submenu provides for various types of horizontal
and vertical spacing.  There are commands for negative thin, thin,
medium, and thick amounts of whitespace, and additional commands for
inserting the traditional typesetter's quad (1em) and double quad.
Arbitrary horizontal whitespace, defined via \LaTeX's \cmd{hspace}
command, and vertical whitespace via \cmd{vspace}, may also be
inserted from the \amenu{Spacing} submenu.  \LaTeX's ``fill'' commands
will also be found on this submenu, as well as \cmd{smallskip},
\cmd{medskip}, and \cmd{bigskip}.

\section{The \amenu{mark} menu}

The pop-up menu activated by pressing the ``\{\}'' icon on the tool bar
at the right of each window is called the \amenu{mark} menu.  In \TeX\
mode (and other modes as well), the mark menu gives an outline of the
current document and provides a way to quickly navigate a long file.
Simply press the ``\{\}'' icon and choose the \acmd{Mark File} command.
The contents of the current document will be scanned and the titles of
all chapters, sections, and subsections will be placed on the mark
menu.  Files that are \cmd{include}'d or \cmd{input}'ed will also
appear on the \amenu{mark} menu.


\chapter{Command Keys}

Menus are great at first, but eventually the tendency is to move away
from menus towards commands keys.  This can significantly speed the
input process.  Few of us, however, are inclined to memorize more than
a couple dozen such keystrokes unless continually prompted with
reminders.  Thus most command key equivalents are displayed on the
\LaTeX\ menu in full view.

\section{Tips}
\label{sec:keys}

A few remarks will help you remember the many command key sequences.
All paragraph mode commands (\cmd{textbf}, \cmd{footnote}, etc.)
begin with \key{Ctl Opt} or \key{Shf Ctl Opt}, whereas all math mode
commands begin with \key{Ctl Cmd} or \key{Ctl Opt Cmd}.  All
environments are bound to some modified function key.  Sometimes the
\key{Shf} key reverses the orientation of an existing key (as in the
case of \acmd{Next Tab Stop} and \acmd{Prev Tab Stop} described in
section~\ref{sec:gotoSubmenu}) or acts as a selection key (see, for
example, \acmd{Next Environment} and \acmd{Next Environment Select} in
section~\ref{sec:gotoSubmenu}).  Knowing these simple facts helps
tremendously.

See section~\ref{sec:docs} for pointers to useful command key summaries.

\section{Double-clicking}
\label{sec:dblClicking}

The arguments of certain \LaTeX\ commands are
command-double-clickable, that is, you hold down the \key{Cmd} key
while double-clicking the argument of certain \LaTeX\ commands.
These commands are underlined and therefore easily recognized in
your document.  When you command-double-click the required argument
of a \cmd{ref} command, for example, the cursor jumps to the
corresponding \cmd{label}.  (Note: Press \key{Ctl .} to return to
the original cursor position.)  Similarly, when you cmd-dbl-click
the required argument of a \cmd{cite} command, the cursor jumps to
the corresponding \cmd{bibitem} if the document contains a
\env{thebibliography} environment; otherwise, the arguments of a
\cmd{bibliography} command are sequentially searched until the
\filetype{bib} file containing the target item is found.  This
\filetype{bib} file is then opened and the cursor jumps to the
target item.

\textbf{Tip:} By default, \cmd{ref}, \cmd{pageref}, \cmd{cite}, and
\cmd{nocite} commands are cmd-dbl-clickable.  If you use a package
that defines other \cmd{ref}-like or \cmd{cite}-like commands, modify
the \TeX\ mode variables \acmd{refCommands} or \acmd{citeCommands}
discussed in section~\ref{sec:variables}.

Other \LaTeX\ commands may also be command-double-clicked, for
example, \cmd{input}, \cmd{include}, \cmd{includegraphics} (or rather
the commands specified in the \TeX\ mode variable \acmd{boxMacroNames}
mentioned in section~\ref{sec:variables}), \cmd{bibliography},
\cmd{usepackage}, and \cmd{documentclass}.  Note that the required
arguments of these commands are files, and so command-double-clicking
such an argument opens the corresponding file.  Unless the filename
includes a Macintosh path (which is not recommended, since it's not
portable), the current folder is searched first.  If the file is not
found in the current folder, the algorithm next checks the hierarchy
of folders under the user-specified ``TeX Inputs Folder'', which is
optionally set by choosing \acmd{App Paths} on the \amenu{Config} menu.
If the file is still not found, all folders whose name contains the
string ``inputs'' in the \TeX\ application folder are checked next.
For example, all folders in the \TeX\ folder with names such as
\filespec{TeX-inputs}, \filespec{TeX-inputs2}, and
\filespec{My-TeX-inputs} will be searched.

\textbf{Tip:} A command-double-click operation may be simulated with a
keystroke.  With the cursor inside the required argument of a
cmd-dbl-clickable \LaTeX\ command, press \key{F6} to activate the
algorithm.

\Alpha\ has another modified double-click that will be of interest
to \LaTeX\ users.  You may already know that double-clicking a
delimiter (parenthesis, bracket, or brace) selects the text between
it and its matching delimiter.  Moreover, if you hold down the
\key{Ctl} key while double-clicking a delimiter, the text \emph{and}
the delimiters will be selected.  These commands are very handy for
cutting and pasting blocks of delimited text, especially in a
\LaTeX\ document where braces, for example, run rampant.


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